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Synaptic properties of thalamic and intracortical inputs to layer 4 of the first-and higher-order cortical areas in the auditory and somatosensory systems. Number of text pages: 27 Number of figures: 8 Number of tables: 2 Running Head: Thalamic and intracortical inputs to cortical layer 4 The thalamus is an essential structure in the mammalian forebrain conveying information topographically from the sensory periphery to primary neocortical areas. Beyond this initial processing stage, " higher order " thalamocortical connections have been presumed to serve only a modulatory role, or are otherwise functionally disregarded. Here we demonstrate that these " higher order " thalamic nuclei share similar synaptic properties with the " first order " thalamic nuclei. Using whole-cell recordings from layer 4 neurons in thalamocortical slice preparations in the mouse somatosensory and auditory systems, we found that electrical stimulation in all thalamic nuclei elicited large, glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that depress in response to repetitive stimulation and that fail to activate a metabotropic glutamate response. In contrast, the intracortical input from layer 6 to layer 4 exhibit facilitating EPSPs. These data suggest that higher order thalamocortical projections may serve a functional role similar to the first order nuclei, while both are physiologically distinct from the intracortical layer 6 inputs. These results suggest an alternate route for information transfer between cortical areas via a corticothalamocortical pathway.